A Systematic Approach for Protective Relay Coordination and Transient Stability Examination in Energy Networks with Substantial DG Penetration
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71426/jmt.v2.i1.pp264-282Keywords:
Distributed generation, Transient stability, Overcurrent relay coordination, Fault location examination, IEEE 33 bus System, Reliability.Abstract
A transient stability examination is crucial in pinpointing the constraints of the electric power systems. On the other hand, the infiltration level of distribution generation influences the constraints in creating safeguards in the power system. Therefore, these two parameters should be regarded as key elements in the power system conservation of the grid. In this work, a transient stability examination of a power system, including DGs, is
accomplished to evaluate the protective settings of overcurrent relays (OCRs). For this purpose, the transient stability of DGs is scrutinized under fault conditions at the sites, as well as different DG infiltration degrees. Then, the limitations of DGs in the protective harmonization of OCRs are considered. A novel systematic approach for calculating the modified time multiplier setting (TMS) of OCRs is recommended. The recommended
approach maintains coordination among OCRs, and the instability of DG sources is also prevented. Modeling of the IEEE 33 bus system using the ETAP application is used to test the suggested protection scheme's efficacy.
References
[1] Zabihi A, Parhamfar M, Goli A, Kumar S, Naved M. Prioritization of maintenance strategies for reliability-centered maintenance of natural gas turbines using multi-criteria decision-making models. Heliyon. 2025;11(13):e41815. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41815
[2] Zhang X, Karady GG, Ariaratnam ST. Optimal allocation of CHP-based distributed generation on urban energy distribution networks. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 2014;5(1):246–253. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2013.2278693
[3] Chatterjee P, Khorsand M, Hedman KW. Enhanced assessment of power system behavior during multiple contingencies. In: Proceedings of the 2018 North American Power Symposium (NAPS). IEEE; 2018. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2018.8600687
[4] Bhusal N, Abdelmalak M, Kamruzzaman M, Benidris M. Power system resilience: Current practices, challenges, and future directions. IEEE Access. 2020;8:18064–18086. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2968586
[5] Fani B, Bisheh H, Karami-Horestani A. An offline penetration-free protection scheme for PV-dominated distribution systems. Electric Power Systems Research. 2018;157:1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.11.020
[6] Hajimohammadi F, Fani B, Sadeghkhani I. Fuse saving scheme in highly photovoltaic-integrated distribution networks. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems. 2020;30:e12148. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12148
[7] Ren C, Liu RP, Yin W, Long Q, Hou Y. Resilience assessment of mobile emergency generator-assisted distribution networks: A stochastic geometry approach. Journal of Economy and Technology. 2023;1:48–74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ject.2023.10.002
[8] Razzaghi R, Davarpanah M, Sanaye-Pasand M. Novel protective scheme to protect small-scale synchronous generators against transient instability. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2013;60(4):1659–1667. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2012.2186773
[9] Aghdam TS, Karegar HK, Zeineldin HH. Transient stability constrained protection coordination for distribution systems with distributed generation. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2018;9(6):5733–5741. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2017.2695378
[10] Aghdam TS, Karegar HK, Zeineldin HH. Optimal coordination of double-inverse overcurrent relays for stable operation of distributed generators. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 2019;15(1):183–192. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2018.2808264
[11] Nayanatara C, Shanmugapriya P, Baskaran J, Sharmila P. Overcurrent and earth-fault relay coordination for microgrid with numerical relay features. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering. 2020;9(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.C8456.019320
[12] Baeckeland N, Herteleer B, Kleemann M. Modelling fault behaviour of power electronic converters. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2020;123:106230. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106230
[13] Qian Z, Yuan Y, Li J, Dong H, Qin T, Huang X. A two-stage protection scheme based on control and protection coordination for AC/DC hybrid distribution network. IEEE Access. 2024;12:132533–132542. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3457836
[14] Abdelfattah W, Nagy A, Salama MM, Lotfy ME, Abdelhadi H. Artificial intelligence-based optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relay in distribution systems considering vehicle-to-grid technology. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 2024;15(6):102372. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102372
[15] Merabet O, Kheldoun A, Bouchahdane M, Eltom AH, Kheldoun A. An adaptive protection coordination for microgrids utilizing an improved optimization technique for user-defined DOCR characteristics with different groups of settings considering N–1 contingency. Expert Systems with Applications. 2024;248:123449. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2024.123449
[16] Sheta AN, Sedhom BE, Pal A, El Moursi MS, Eladl AA. Stability-constrained settings of directional overcurrent relays with shifted user-defined characteristics for distribution networks with DERs. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2024;39(4):2401–2413. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3403921
[17] Eidiani M, Zeynal H, Zakaria Z. Comprehensive study on renewable energy integration using DIgSILENT. In: Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Power Engineering Applications (ICPEA). Putrajaya, Malaysia: IEEE; 2023. p. 197–201. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPEA56918.2023.10093153
[18] Eladl AA, Sheta AN, Saeed MA, Bureš V, Sedhom BE. Assessing the impact of distributed energy resources on overcurrent protection in microgrids for enhanced effectiveness. Results in Engineering. 2025;25:104461. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104461
[19] Saber A, Abdelemam AM, Zeineldin HH, El-Saadany EF. Time-domain protection scheme for inverter-dominated islanded microgrid using low-bandwidth communication channels. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2025;165:110485. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.110485
[20] Eladl AA, Sheta AN, Elgamal M, Vasquez JC, Sedhom BE. Optimal directional overcurrent relay settings for stable microgrids with synchronous and inverter-based resources. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2025;167:110639. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.110639
[21] Tripathi M, Mallik SK. An adaptive protection coordination strategy utilizing user-defined characteristics of DOCRs in a microgrid. Electric Power Systems Research. 2023;214:108900. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108900
[22] Aboelezz AM, El-Afifi MI, Sedhom BE, Eladl AA, Sanjeevikumar P, Sheta AN. Advanced centralized protection system for AC microgrids using TW-DWT techniques. Energy Conversion and Management: X. 2025;25:100852. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100852
[23] Saldarriaga-Zuluaga SD, López-Lezama JM, Muñoz-Galeano N. Adaptive protection coordination scheme in microgrids using directional overcurrent relays with non-standard characteristics. Heliyon. 2021;7(4):e06665. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06665
[24] Alasali F, El-Naily N, Zarour E, Saad SM. Highly sensitive and fast microgrid protection using optimal coordination scheme and nonstandard tripping characteristics. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2021;128:106756. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106756
[25] Díaz Caicedo AM, Franco Mejia É, Gómez Luna E. Revolutionizing protection dynamics in microgrids: Local validation environment and a novel global management control through multi-agent systems. Computers & Electrical Engineering. 2024;120:109748. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109748
[26] Pradhan R, Jena P. An innovative fault direction estimation technique for AC microgrid. Electric Power Systems Research. 2023;215:108997. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108997
[27] Sampaio FC, Tofoli FL, Melo LS, Barroso GC, Sampaio RF, Leão RPS. Adaptive fuzzy directional bat algorithm for the optimal coordination of protection systems based on directional overcurrent relays. Electric Power Systems Research. 2022;211:108619. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108619
[28] Taheri M, Shahgholian G, Fani B, Mosavi A, Fathollahi A. A protection methodology for supporting distributed generations concerning transient instability. In: Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics (SACI). IEEE; 2023. p. 1–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/SACI58269.2023.10158594
[29] Niranjan P, Choudhary NK, Singh N, Singh RK. Optimal coordination of dual-setting directional overcurrent relay in microgrid considering multi-parametric characteristics. Journal of Operation and Automation in Power Engineering. 2025;13(2):174–183. Available from: https://doi.org/10.22098/JOAPE.2023.12725.1965
[30] Alasali F, El-Naily N, Mustafa HY, Loukil H, Saad SM, Saidi AS, et al. Innovative protection schemes through hardware-in-the-loop dynamic testing. Computers & Electrical Engineering. 2024;119:109559. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109559
[31] Kuriakose A, Balamurugan S. Optimum overcurrent relay coordination in radial system using particle swarm optimization. In: Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 7th Conference on Information and Communication Technology (CICT). IEEE; 2023. p. 1–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/CICT59886.2023.10455379
[32] Elsadd M, Abd El-Ghany HA, Zaky M, Abdelaziz AY, Ahmed E. Optimum coordination approach for directional overcurrent relays in interconnected power systems considering uncertainty in photovoltaic generation. SSRN. 2024. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4703667
[33] Beder H, Mohandes B, El Moursi MS, Badran EA, El Saadawi MM. A new communication-free dual-setting protection coordination of microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2021;36(4):2446–2458. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2020.3041753
[34] Kalage AA, Ghawghawe ND. Optimum coordination of directional overcurrent relays using modified adaptive teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm. Intelligent Industrial Systems. 2016;2:55–71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40903-016-0038-9
[35] Rojnić M, Prenc R, Topić D, Strnad I. A new methodology for optimization of overcurrent protection relays in active distribution networks regarding thermal stress curves. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2023;152:109216. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2023.109216
[36] Kurmaiah A, Vaithilingam C. Design of adaptive protection coordination scheme using SVM for an AC microgrid. Energy Reports. 2024;11:4688–4712. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.04.021
[37] Shojaeian S, Parhamfar M. Fault detection and diagnosis of an industrial gas turbine using support vector machine. Journal of Research in Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2023;8(1):476–482. Available from: https://doi.org/10.46565/jreas.202381476-482
[38] Parhamfar M, Shojaeian S, Bandegani Z. Feasibility study and design of smart low-energy building electrical installations (case study: Isfahan University, Virtual Faculty Building). Energy. 2023;6(3). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.25729/esr.2023.03.0006
[39] Parhamfar M, Zabihi A. Comprehensive design of a 100-kilowatt solar power plant with bifacial technology in PVsyst for Arak, Iran. Solar Energy Advances. 2025:100092. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seja.2025.100092
[40] Parhamfar M. Towards green airports: Factors influencing greenhouse gas emissions and sustainability through renewable energy. Next Research. 2024:100060. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2024.100060
[41] Taheri SH, Tayebati P, Parhamfar M. Sustainable strategies for energy management in buildings and electric vehicle charging. Journal of Modern Technology. 2025;2(1):220–234. Available from: https://doi.org/10.71426/jmt.v2.i1.pp220-234
[42] Soma AK. Building Aether sensor network using LoRaWAN network. In: Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Emerging Systems and Intelligent Computing (ESIC). IEEE; 2025. p. 807–814. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/ESIC64052.2025.10962750
[43] Soma AK. Weighted graph clustering with PaCCo. In: Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Emerging Systems and Intelligent Computing (ESIC). IEEE; 2025. p. 815–818. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/ESIC64052.2025.10962723
[44] Parhamfar M. A novel software introduction for enhanced low-voltage electrical installation design in buildings: VOLTA. Journal of Modern Technology. 2025;2(1):246–253. Available from: https://doi.org/10.71426/jmt.v2.i1.pp246-253
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Milad Taheri, Mohammad Parhamfar, Alireza Hajarkesht, Alireza Soleimani, Aykut Fatih Güven, Anna PINNARELLI (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The Journal of Modern Technology publishes all articles under the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). This license permits others to copy, distribute, reproduce, remix, adapt, and build upon the published work for non-commercial purposes, provided appropriate credit is given to the original authors and the source. By publishing in the Journal of Modern Technology, all authors agree to these licensing terms as a condition of publication.
