A Systematic Literature Review on Happiness Measurement Frameworks Determinants and Policy Implications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71426/jassh.v2.i1.pp102-113Keywords:
Happiness index, Subjective wellbeing, Life satisfaction, Systematic review, PRISMA, Hedonic wellbeing, Eudaimonic wellbeing, Policy.Abstract
There has been growing research into the subjective well-being (happiness) alongside Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a result of academic and policymaker interest in looking beyond traditional economic indicators. In view of developing evidence based policies, a systematic review was carried out to explore theory of happiness, measurement frameworks employed for happiness and factors influencing happiness. All levels of peer-reviewed articles were included in the scope of this study to ensure that all literature related to measurement frameworks and determinants of happiness were reviewed. Furthermore, the review was conducted using PRISMA 2020 guidelines to assure rigorous methodology and reproducibility in the 57 peer-reviewed studies included in the analysis published between 2000-2025. With respect to the aim of the reviews, there were two primary objectives: First, the review was an attempt to delineate and critically evaluate the theoretical approaches to happiness measurement across the globe and differentiate between hedonic and eudaimonic understandings of well-being. Secondly, the review brought together empirical findings from the effects of socio-economic, psychological, and governance factors on happiness across various populations. Theoretical bases suggest that studies started with one dimensional satisfaction and progressed to integrated models which explain the psychological complexities of individuals. Issues noted with method include problematic validity of measures and cross cultural comparisons. The results from this systematic review support both hypotheses and provide useful information for developing policies focused on promoting well-being.
References
[1] Pawson R, Greenhalgh T, Harvey G, Walshe K. Realist review-a new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy. 2005;10(1_suppl):21-34. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1258/1355819054308530
[2] Delamothe T. Happiness. BMJ. 2005;331(7531):1489-1490. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1489
[3] Kern ML, Waters L, Adler A, White M. Assessing Employee Wellbeing in Schools Using a Multifaceted Approach: Associations with Physical Health, Life Satisfaction, and Professional Thriving. Psychology. 2014;5(6):500. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.56060
[4] Tong Y, Song S. A study on general self-efficacy and subjective well-being of low SES-college students in a Chinese university. College Student Journal. 2004;38(4):637-643. Available from: https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA126386904&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=01463934&sw=w&p=AONE&userGroupName=anon%7E6c7bf5ec&aty=open-web-entry
[5] Webb M, Fahimi S, Singh GM, Khatibzadeh S, Micha R, Powles J, Mozaffarian D. Cost effectiveness of a government supported policy strategy to decrease sodium intake: global analysis across 183 nations. BMJ. 2017;356. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6699
[6] Xu H, Zhang C, Huang Y. Social trust, social capital, and subjective well-being of rural residents: micro-empirical evidence based on the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS). Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 2023;10(1):49. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01532-1
[7] Casas F. Analysing the Comparability of 3 Multi-Item Subjective Well-Being Psychometric Scales Among 15 Countries Using Samples of 10 and 12-Year-Olds. Child Indicators Research. 2017;10(2):297-330. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/S12187-015-9360-0
[8] Giangrasso B. Psychometric properties of the PERMA-Profiler as hedonic and eudaimonic well-being measure in an Italian context. Current Psychology. 2021;40(3):1175-1184. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0040-3
[9] Cowan CP, Cowan PA. Enhancing Parenting Effectiveness, Fathers' Involvement, Couple Relationship Quality, and Children's Development: Breaking Down Silos in Family Policy Making and Service Delivery. Journal of Family Theory & Review. 2019;11(1):92-111. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/JFTR.12301
[10] HHelliwell JF, Layard R, Sachs JD, Neve JE. World Happiness Report 2021. Available from: https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/hw_happiness/5/
[11] Adler A. Gross National Happiness in Bhutan: A Living Example of an Alternative Approach to Progress. Available from: https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/46949
[12] Thinley JY, Hartz-Karp J. National progress, sustainability and higher goals: the case of Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness. ustainable Earth. 2019;2(1):11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42055-019-0022-9
[13] Brown D, Woolf J, Smith C. An empirical investigation into the determinants of life satisfaction in New Zealand. New Zealand Economic Papers. 2012;46(3):239-251. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2012.657896
[14] Kern ML, Adler A, Waters LE, White MA. Measuring Whole-School Well-being in Students and Staff. In: Evidence-based approaches in positive education: Implementing a strategic framework for well-being in schools. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2015. p. 65-91. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9667-5_4
[15] CWang C, Liu J, Pu R, Li Z, Guo W, Feng Z, Huang R, Ghose B, Ji L, Tang S. Determinants of Subjective Health, Happiness, and Life Satisfaction among Young Adults (18-24 Years) in Guyana. BioMed Research International. 2020;2020(1):9063808. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9063808
[16] Adedeji A, Olonisakin TT, Buchcik J, Idemudia ES. Socioeconomic status and social capital as predictors of happiness: evidence and gender differences. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 2023;10(1):119. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01606-0
[17] Hadna AH. The Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on Low-Income Individuals in Indonesia. Advances in Southeast Asian Studies. 2022;15(1):23-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14764/10.ASEAS-0067
[18] Steppan M, Kraus L, Piontek D, Siciliano V. Are cannabis prevalence estimates comparable across countries and regions? A cross-cultural validation using search engine query data. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2013;24(1):23-29. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.05.002
[19] Kroll C. Different Things Make Different People Happy: Examining Social Capital and Subjective Well-Being by Gender and Parental Status. Social Indicators Research. 2011;104(1):157-177. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9733-1
[20] Bussmann M, Oneal J, de Soysa I. The Effect of Globalization on National Income Inequality. Comparative Sociology. 2005;4(3-4):285-312. Available from: https://brill.com/view/journals/coso/4/3-4/article-p285_2.xml
[21] Lee HY. Do the locals really feel good? Understanding wellbeing in volunteer tourism from the perspectives of host communities in Mongolia. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change. 2021;19(5):628-653. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2020.1800022
[22] Gan TY, Beevi Z, Low J, Lee PJ, Hall DA. Developing Future-Ready University Graduates: Nurturing Wellbeing and Life Skills as Well as Academic Talent. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022;13:827517. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.827517
[23] Victor PA. Chapter 8: Economic Growth and Happiness. 2008. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781848442993.00013
[24] Gyang EJ, Anzaku E, Iyakwari AD, Eze F. An Analysis of the Relationship Between Unemployment, Inflation and Economic Growth in Nigeria: 1986-2015. Available from: https://journal.binghamuni.edu.ng/pdfs/bjeas/1002.pdf
[25] Mak HW, Gallou E, Fancourt D. Is social capital higher in areas with a higher density of historic assets? Analyses of 11,112 adults living in England. Perspectives in Public Health. 2024;144(4):251-262. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/17579139221145609
[26] Hoekstra R. SNA and beyond: Towards a broader accounting framework that links the SNA, SDGs and other global initiatives. Statistical Journal of the IAOS. 2020;36(3):657-675. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/SJI-200653
[27] Almatarneh N, Emeagwali O. Does institutional quality matter in fostering social progress: A cross national examination. Management Science Letters. 2019;9(7):1037-1046. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5267/J.MSL.2019.4.002
[28] Mintchev N, Moore HL. Community and prosperity beyond social capital: The case of Newham, East London. Critical Social Policy. 2017;37(4):562-581. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018316683461
[29] Antipina ON, Krivitskaya AD. Economy and Happiness in Russia: An Empirical Analysis. Voprosy Ekonomiki. 2022;(8):48-67. Available from: https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-8-48-67
[30] Rana K. Sustainable Housing as a Social Determinant of Health and Wellbeing. Sustainability. 2025;17(16):7519. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167519
[31] Dalziel P, Saunders C. Wellbeing economics: A policy framework for New Zealand. New Zealand Sociology. 2015;30(3):8-26. Available from: https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.587743942813134
[32] Kołczyńska M. The Economy and Governance as Determinants of Political Trust in Europe: An Analysis of the European Values Study and World Values Survey, 1990-2019. Sociologický časopis/Czech Sociological Review. 2020;56(6):791-833. Available from: https://doi.org/10.13060/CSR.2020.051
[33] Daniels K, Harris C. Work, Psychological Well-being and Performance. Occupational Medicine. 2000;50(5):304-309. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/50.5.304
[34] Huang F, Ding H, Han N, Li F, Zhu T. Does wealth equate to happiness? an 11-year panel data analysis exploring socio-economic indicators and social media metrics. Plos one. 2024;19(4):e0301206. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301206
[35] Koźmiński A, Noga A, Piotrowska K, Zagórski K. The Balanced Development Index: Its Construction and Application in Times of Uncertainty, Poland 1999-2017. Polish Sociological Review. 2016;195(3):267-290. Available from: https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=455678
[36] Grunow M. Reference-Dependent Effects of Unemployment on Mental Well-Being. SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research. 2014. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2416729
[37] Upadhyay UT, Arya S. A critique of research studies on application of positive psychology for augmenting children's emotional wellbeing. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology. 2015;6(4):417. Available from: https://www.proquest.com/openview/6eb9282285b13dd38c56ea57d33790b9/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2032133
[38] Whitehouse C, Winderl T. National Happiness: Universalism, Cultural Relativism, or Both? An Assessment. Centre for Bhutan Studies. 2004. Available from: https://doi.org/10.11588/xarep.00001214
[39] Fang S, Shi X, Xu X, Zhang Z. Does Digital Infrastructure Make Rural Residents Happier? Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment in China. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2026;27(1):9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-025-00995-0
[40] Cooper C. Organizational Health and Wellbeing. 2011. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446262771
[41] Sanghani J, Upadhyay U, Sharma S. Positive psychology intervention in education well-being and achievement. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology. 2013;4(2):251. Available from: https://www.proquest.com/openview/5241d2d6d47a98685011f1c6e22eb2e7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2032133
[42] Onyemenam CE. Social Capital and Household Welfare: A Review of Contemporary Empirical Literature. The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies. 2019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.24940/theijhss/2019/v7/i8/hs1908-075
[43] Timmapuram M, Ramdas R, Vutkur SR, Mali YR, Vasanth K. Understanding the Regional Differences in World Happiness Index Using Machine Learning. In: 2023 International Conference on Innovative Computing, Intelligent Communication and Smart Electrical Systems (ICSES). IEEE; 2023. p. 1-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSES60034.2023.10465497
[44] Guo L, Miller S, Zhou W, Wei Z, Ren J, Huang X, Xing X, White H, Yang K. Critical appraisal of methodological quality and completeness of reporting in Chinese social science systematic reviews with meta-analysis: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews. 2025;21(1):e70014. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.70014
[45] Stevenson A, Ponce Hardy V, Bailey N, Toney J, Olsen JR, Meier P. From the Compact City to the X-Minute neighborhood: A Systematic Review of the Health and Wellbeing Impacts of Sustainable Urban Development Models (SUDMs) on Women. Journal of Urban Health. 2025;102(4):883-904. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-025-00990-z
[46] Dziechciarz-Duda M. Income Expectations in Sustainability of Subjective Perception of Households’ Wellbeing. Sustainability. 2023;15(5):4325. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054325
[47] Tsai YP, Lee YH, Liou S. Applicability of Gross National Happiness index to Taiwan A religious perspective. In: 2013 1st International Conference on Orange Technologies (ICOT). IEEE; 2013. p. 87-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOT.2013.6521164
[48] Nandagopal V. Towards a Sustainable Happiness Model for UAE: Lessons from Latin America. In: International Conference on Advances in Business and Law (ICABL). 2018;2(1):165-175. Available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5ad4/aa5430718496a43beb5fdfa822cbf0dff563.pdf
[49] Azad P, Sujathan PK, Teeli AA. Why Do Indians Experience Less Happiness Than Pakistanis? The Pakistan Development Review. 2024;63(3):417-428. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27365022
[50] Kyoghero SM, Félix NM, Gilbert KK, Sikalya MK. Effect of ICT on Men Subjective Wellbeing Based on Democratic Republic of Congo. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics. 2026;23(4):83-100. Available from: https://doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2026/v23i41301
[51] Kim H, Lee B. Exploring the Determinants of Subjective Well-Being in Older Adults: A Cross-National Analysis of Social, Political, Economic, and Demographic Factors. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2026;27(2):30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-026-01010-w
[52] Ferruzola-Gomez E, Brito-Gaona L, Sotomayor-Pereira JG, Faytong-Haro M, Alvarez-Muñoz P. Convergence and Divergence in the Determinants of Happiness: A Dual-STATIS Analysis of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (2006-2022). Societies. 2025;15(8):230. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15080230
[53] Iftimoaei C. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PREDICTORS OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION. A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT. ECONOMY and SOCIOLOGY. 2025;(2):107-120. Available from: https://doi.org/10.36004/nier.es.2025.2-08
[54] Casas F. Analysing the Comparability of 3 Multi-Item Subjective Well-Being Psychometric Scales Among 15 Countries Using Samples of 10 and 12-Year-Olds. Child Indicators Research. 2017;10(2):297-330. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9360-0
[55] Kumar A. Empirical study on the effect of carbon tax on GHG emissions in select nations. Business Analyst Journal. 2026:1-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1108/baj-04-2024-0016
[56] Pal D. Impact Evaluation of Agricultural Welfare Schemes on Smallholder Farm Income in India. International Journal on Research and Development – A Management Review. 2026. Available from: https://doi.org/10.65521/ijrdmr.v15i1.2475
[57] Organised by: EUPHA Public Health Policy and Politics section, WHO Collaborating Centre on Investment for Health and Well-being at Public Health Wales (UK), Chair persons: Rana Orhan Pees (EUPHA-PHPP). 2. A. Round table: Well-being economy and public health: investing in prevention for prosperity, resilience and equity. European Journal of Public Health. 2025;35(Supplement_4):ckaf161-083. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaf161.083
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahesh Singh, Sajad Dashti, Mohammad Saeid Zahedi, Atossa Madanipour, Amir Shahab Shahabi (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The Journal of Applied Social Sciences and Humanities publishes all articles under the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). This license permits others to copy, distribute, reproduce, remix, adapt, and build upon the published work for non-commercial purposes, provided appropriate credit is given to the original authors and the source. By publishing in the Journal of Applied Social Sciences and Humanities, all authors agree to these licensing terms as a condition of publication.